Correlating Standard Penetration Test (SPT) with Various Soil Properties in Different Kirkuk City Locations: A Case Study Utilizing Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) for Assessment and Prediction

Due to cost limitations, it is not practicable to experimentally investigate the soil characteristics over the entire city. Given this, the study has focused on using a geographic information system, especially the IDW technique, with linear regression models. The study's data collection was taken from different locations around Kirkuk province. The IDW technique was used to examine the Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) and chemical properties such as total Sulphur content SO3 (%), total soluble salt TSS (%), organic content ORG (%), chlorine concentration Cl (ppm), free calcium carbonate content CaCO3 (%), Gypsum content GYP (%), and pH. Both single-regression and multi-regression models were utilized to interpolate the SPT and soil properties. Sets of digital maps were created to examine the chemical properties and SPT of Kirkuk soils. SPT values can be predicted more precisely based on integrated physical and chemical soil properties rather than chemical or physical characteristics alone. SPT and physical soil components have been shown to have various positive and negative relationships. While the SPT values have shown favorable relationships with both silt and clay amounts, they have shown negative correlations with gravel and sand contents. The variations of SPT with chemical soil properties have revealed positive correlations with SO3 (%), TSS (%), CaCO3 (%), GYP (%), and pH contents, while negative correlations were obtained between SPT with ORG (%) and Cl (ppm)

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe

By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra–West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe

A Study of Horizontal Displacement of Laterally Loaded Piles

A theoretical approach is used to analyze single pile and pile in group under lateral loading using two programs. The first one used the finite element method for single pile depending on plain strain condition while the second one used the characteristic load method for pile in group. Horizontal displacement for pile in group is measured while both horizontal displacement and shear stress for single pile are measured. A comparison between the results of horizontal displacement for both single pile and pile in group with the actual practical values are produced and shows a good agreement

Non-destructive experimental testing and modeling of electrical impedance behavior of untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils

The characterization of ultra-soft clayey soil exhibits extreme challenges due to low shear strength of such material. Hence, inspecting the non-destructive electrical impedance behavior of untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils gains more attention. Both shear strength and electrical impedance were measured experimentally for both untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils. The shear strength of untreated ultra-soft clayey soil reached 0.17 kPa for 10% bentonite content, while the shear strengths increased to 0.27 kPa and 6.7 kPa for 10% bentonite content treated with 2% lime and 10% polymer, respectively. The electrical impedance of the ultra-soft clayey soil has shown a significant decrease from 1.6 kΩ to 0.607 kΩ when the bentonite content increased from 2% to 10% at a frequency of 300 kHz. The 10% lime and 10% polymer treatments have decreased the electrical impedances of ultra-soft clayey soil with 10% bentonite from 0.607 kΩ to 0.12 kΩ and 0.176 kΩ, respectively, at a frequency of 300 kHz. A new mathematical model has been accordingly proposed to model the non-destructive electrical impedance-frequency relationship for both untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils. The new model has shown a good agreement with experimental data with coefficient of determination (R2) up to 0.99 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.007 kΩ

Correlating Standard Penetration Test (SPT) with Various Soil Properties in Different Kirkuk City Locations: A Case Study Utilizing Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) for Assessment and Prediction

Due to cost limitations, it is not practicable to experimentally investigate the soil characteristics over the entire city. Given this, the study has focused on using a geographic information system, especially the IDW technique, with linear regression models. The study's data collection was taken from different locations around Kirkuk province. The IDW technique was used to examine the Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) and chemical properties such as total Sulphur content SO3 (%), total soluble salt TSS (%), organic content ORG (%), chlorine concentration Cl (ppm), free calcium carbonate content CaCO3 (%), Gypsum content GYP (%), and pH. Both single-regression and multi-regression models were utilized to interpolate the SPT and soil properties. Sets of digital maps were created to examine the chemical properties and SPT of Kirkuk soils. SPT values can be predicted more precisely based on integrated physical and chemical soil properties rather than chemical or physical characteristics alone. SPT and physical soil components have been shown to have various positive and negative relationships. While the SPT values have shown favorable relationships with both silt and clay amounts, they have shown negative correlations with gravel and sand contents. The variations of SPT with chemical soil properties have revealed positive correlations with SO3 (%), TSS (%), CaCO3 (%), GYP (%), and pH contents, while negative correlations were obtained between SPT with ORG (%) and Cl (ppm)

A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region

Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia

We present the first ancient DNA data from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia (Southeastern Turkey and Northern Iraq), Cyprus, and the Northwestern Zagros, along with the first data from Neolithic Armenia. We show that these and neighboring populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian, Caucasus, and Levantine hunter-gatherers, forming a Neolithic continuum of ancestry mirroring the geography of West Asia. By analyzing Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic populations of Anatolia, we show that the former were derived from admixture between Mesopotamian-related and local Epipaleolithic-related sources, but the latter experienced additional Levantine-related gene flow, thus documenting at least two pulses of migration from the Fertile Crescent heartland to the early farmers of Anatolia

A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom's northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region